Pterygium: Understanding "Surfer's Eye"
A pterygium is an elevated, wedge-shaped growth on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white of the eye. Its name comes from the Greek word "pterygos", meaning wing, as it often resembles a butterfly wing in shape.
While non-cancerous, pterygia contain blood vessels and can form scar tissue. They typically originate in the inner corner of the eye and, if left untreated, can grow onto the cornea and permanently affect vision.
Signs and Symptoms
Appearance and Vision
Visible as a translucent, pinkish-white membrane extending onto the clear cornea. It can cause irregular astigmatism or warpage of the eye's surface, leading to blurred vision.
Physical Sensation
Common symptoms include a gritty or "sandy" feeling, chronic redness, and persistent dryness due to the growth disrupting the natural tear film.
Prevention: Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the primary cause. Wear 100% UV-blocking sunglasses year-round, even on cloudy days.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause is unknown, but there is a direct link to environmental factors. It is most common in young adults (aged 20–40) living in sunny climates near the equator.
- - UV Radiation: The leading risk factor.
- - Environmental Irritants: Dust, wind, and sand.
- - Chronic Inflammation: Ongoing ocular surface dryness.
- - Genetics: Some individuals are more predisposed to growths.
Management and Treatment
Most pterygia are harmless and only require management for comfort. However, surgery is necessary if vision is threatened.
Non-Surgical Relief
- - Artificial Tears: Lubricating drops to manage grittiness and dryness.
- - UV Protection: Sunglasses and brimmed hats to prevent further growth.
When to Consider Surgery
Surgical intervention is recommended if the growth covers part of the iris, extends over the cornea, or causes persistent pain and vision deterioration. Modern techniques use a conjunctival graft to close the defect, which significantly reduces the risk of the pterygium returning.
Recurrence and Prevention
Without strict UV protection, recurrence after surgery occurs in about 50% of cases. Maintaining ocular surface health with artificial tears and using protective eyewear in windy/dusty conditions are the best defenses.
Clinical References
1. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Pterygium: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis.
2. Gazzard G, Saw SM, et al.
Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity, and risk factors.
3. Cullen, A.P. (2011).
Ozone depletion and solar ultraviolet radiation: ocular
effects.
4. Healthline. Pterygium Overview. Available at:
https://www.healthline.com/health/pterygium